World_war_ii_casualties

Chart showing World War II deaths by country in millions as well as by percentage of population, and piechart with percentage of military and civilian deaths for the Allied and the Axis Powers.

World War II was the single deadliest conflict the world has ever seen, causing many tens of millions of deaths. The tables below provide a detailed country-by-country count of human losses.

Contents 1 Total human losses 2 Recent historical scholarship 3 Casualties by country 3.1 Notes 4 Casualties by alliance 5 Casualties by branch of service 5.1 Notes 6 Footnotes 7 See also 7.1 Main articles 7.2 Other articles 8 References

Total human losses

The total estimated human loss of life caused by World War II was roughly 72 million people. The civilian toll was around 47 million, including 20 million deaths due to war related famine and disease. The military toll was about 25 million, including the deaths of about 4 million prisoners of war in captivity. The Allies lost approximately 61 million people, and the Axis lost 11 million.

Recent historical scholarship

Nazi massacre in Kerch, 1942. The death toll in the Soviet Union during World War II was immense.

World War II casualty statistics vary to a great extent. Estimates of the death toll range from 50 million to over 70 million.^[36] Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the casualties of World War II. Research in Russia since the fall of communism has revised the estimate Soviet war dead. Losses for the USSR, within post war borders, are now estimated at 26.6 million.^[37] Historians in post communist Poland now estimate losses of Polish citizens at between 4.9 and 5.1 million persons in German hands.^{[43] [47]}, not including 120,000 to 350,000 deaths in Soviet hands during the war ^{[47] [71] [72]}. The German Army historian Dr. Rüdiger Overmans published a study in 2000 that estimated German military dead and missing at 5.3 million.^[6] The war dead totals on this page for the British Commonwealth are based on the research by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead.^[29]. The casualties listed here include about 12 million war related famine deaths in China, Indonesia, Indochina and India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.^[9][5]

Casualties by country

The casualties of World War II were suffered disproportionately by the various participants. This is especially true regarding civilian casualties. The following chart gives data on the casualties suffered by each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses.

Human Losses of World War Two by Country

Country Population 1939 Military deaths Civilian deaths Jewish Holocaust deaths Total deaths Deaths as % of 1939 population Albania[1] 1,073,000 28,000 200 28,200 2.63% Australia[2] 6,998,000 39,400 700 40,100 0.57% Austria[3] 6,653,000 40,500 65,000 105,500 1.59% Belgium[4] 8,387,000 12,100 49,600 24,400 86,100 1.02% Brazil[5] 40,289,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 0.00% Bulgaria[6] 6,458,000 22,000 3,000 25,000 0.38% Burma[7] 16,119,000 22,000 250,000 272,000 1.16% Canada[8] 11,267,000 45,300 45,300 0.40% China[9] 517,568,000 3,800,000 16,200,000 20,000,000 3.86% Cuba[10] 4,235,000 100 100 0.00% Czechoslovakia[11] 15,300,000 25,000 43,000 277,000 345,000 2.25% Denmark[12] 3,795,000 2,100 1,000 100 3,200 0.08% Estonia[13] 1,134,000 40,000 1,000 41,000 3.62% Ethiopia[14] 17,700,000 5,000 95,000 100,000 0.6% Finland[15] 3,700,000 95,000 2,000 97,000 2.62% France[16] 41,700,000 212,000 267,000 83,000 562,000 1.35% French Indo-China[17] 24,600,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 4.07% Germany[18][19][20][21] 69,623,000 5,533,000 1,600,000 160,000 7,293,000 10.47% Greece[22] 7,222,000 20,000 220,000 71,300 311,300 4.31% Hungary[23] 9,129,000 300,000 80,000 200,000 580,000 6.35% Iceland[24] 119,000 200 200 0.17% India[25] 378,000,000 87,000 1,500,000 1,587,000 0.42% Indonesia[26] 69,435,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 5.76% Iran[27] 14,340,000 200 200 0.00% Iraq[28] 3,698,000 1,000 1,000 0.03% Ireland[29] 2,960,000 200 200 0.00% Italy[30] 44,394,000 301,400 145,100 8,000 454,500 1.02% Japan[31] 71,380,000 2,100,000 580,000 2,680,000 3.75% Korea[32] 23,400,000 378,000 378,000 1.6% Latvia[33] 1,995,000 147,000 80,000 227,000 11.38% Lithuania[34] 2,575,000 212,000 141,000 353,000 13.71% Luxembourg[35] 295,000 1,300 700 2,000 0.68% Malaya[36] 4,391,000 100,000 100,000 2.28% Malta[37] 269,000 1,500 1,500 0.56% Mexico[38] 19,320,000 100 100 0.00% Mongolia[39] 819,000 300 300 0.04% Netherlands[40] 8,729,000 7,900 88,900 106,000 202,800 2.32% Newfoundland[41] 300,000 1,000 100 1,100 0.37% New Zealand[42] 1,629,000 11,900 11,900 0.67% Norway[43] 2,945,000 3,000 5,800 700 9,500 0.32% Philippines[44] 16,000,000 57,000 90,000 147,000 0.92% Pacific Islands[45] 1,900,000 57,000 57,000 3.00% Poland[46] 34,849,000 160,000 2,440,000 3,000,000 5,600,000 16.07% Portuguese Timor[47] 500,000 55,000 55,000 11.00% Romania[48] 19,934,000 300,000 64,000 469,000 833,000 4.22% Singapore[49] 728,000 50,000 50,000 6.87% South Africa[50] 10,160,000 11,900 11,900 0.12% Soviet Union[51] 168,500,000 10,700,000 11,400,000 1,000,000 23,100,000 13.71% Spain[52] 25,637,000 4,500 4,500 0.02% Sweden[53] 6,341,000 300 300 0.00% Switzerland[54] 4,210,000 100 100 0.00% Thailand[55] 15,023,000 5,600 300 5,900 0.04% United Kingdom[56] 47,760,000 382,600 67,800 450,400 0.94% United States[57] 131,028,000 416,800 1,700 418,500 0.32% Yugoslavia[58] 15,400,000 446,000 514,000 67,000 1,027,000 6.67% Totals 1,961,913,000 25,160,000 41,793,300 5,754,400 72,707,700 3.70%

Notes

• Figures rounded to the nearest hundredth place.
• Population in 1939 - Source: Population Statistics[59]
• War losses are for the national boundaries of 1939.
• Total Soviet losses in the postwar 1946-91 boundaries [60]were 26.6 million.^[37]
• Total Polish losses in the postwar 1946 boundaries[61] were 2,723,000.^[40,183]
• Total Romanian losses in the postwar 1946 boundaries. [62] were 460,000^[2,133]
• Military Deaths - Losses include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non combat causes. Partisan (military) and Resistance fighter deaths forces are included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths. The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, Soviets, French and ethnic Germans in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses.
  Prisoner of war deaths in Nazi captivity totaled 3.1 Million^{[17,Table A]}600,000 in Soviet captivity ^{[7,278] [3,]}.
  POW deaths in Japanese captivity totaled 539,000. Detailed by country: China 400,000 ; Indochina 34,000 ; Netherlands 25,000; U.K. and colonies 24,000 ; Philippines 27,300, United States 10,700 and Australia 8,000. ^{[4, Chap.3]} .^{[5,Table 5A]}
• Civilian Deaths - Includes losses from military action and war related deaths caused by famine and disease.
  The Holocaust took the lives of between 5.1 to 6.0 million Jews.^[61] Other groups persecuted and killed by the Nazis ^{[80][60] [49] [48] [17]}. included 130,000 to 500,000 Gypsies ^{[48] [50] [62]}; 150,000 to 200,000 handicapped persons ^[51] ; 2.6 to 3 million Soviet prisoners of war^[52]; 1.8 to 1.9 million Poles ^[38]; 4.5 to 8.2 million Soviet civilians ^{[53][60] [48]}; about 10,000 Gay men^[54]; about 1,000 Jehovah\'s Witnesses ^[55]; between 1,000 to 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy ^[57] and an unknown number of Freemasons ^[56]. "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder." ^[58] From 1933-1939 the number of German deaths in Nazi concentration camps were 165,415, primarily Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, and trade union leaders. ^[59]
  The civilian victims of Japanese war crimes totaled 5,469,000. Detailed by country: China 3,695,000; Indochina 457,000; Korea 378,000; Indonesia 375,000; Malaya 346,000 ; Philippines 119,000, Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000. ^{[4, Chap.3]}..^{[5,Table 5A]}
  The deaths of 400,000 civilians deported during the Soviet annexations in 1939-40 are included with World War II casualties.^[47][3,]Civilian losses in the postwar era (1946-47) due to famine and disease are not included with these losses.
• Jewish Holocaust Deaths. 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German dominated Europe perished in the war.- Source: Martin Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust 1988, P.242-244. ISBN 0-688-12364-3
• Sources - The footnotes list the details of the losses and their sources.

Casualties by alliance

Military and civilian deaths during World War II for the Allied and the Axis Powers.

Allied Military personnel killed, percentage by country.

Axis Military personnel killed, percentage by country.

Casualties by branch of service

Casualties of World War Two by Branch of Service

Country Branch of service Number served Killed/missing Wounded Prisoner of war Percent killed Germany Army[6,333-335] 13,600,000 4,202,000 30.9% Air Force[6,333-335] 2,500,000 433,000 17.32% Navy [6,333-335] 1,200,000 138,000 11.5% Waffen SS[6,333-335] 900,000 314,000 34.9% Volkssturm and Police[6,333-335] 231,000 Soviet citizens in German military service[7,278][24] 215,000 Unidentified by branch of service (see note below) 6,035,000[7,276] 11,100,000[6,286] Japan[1,254] Army 6,300,000 1,526,000 85,600 30,000 24.22% Navy 2,100,000 414,900 8,900 10,000 19.76% Soviet Union 1939-40 All branches of service[7,51-80] 136,945 205,924 Soviet Union 1941-45 All branches of service[7,85-87] 34,476,700 8,668,400 14,685,593 4,059,000 25.1% Conscripted Reservists (see note below) [3,13-14] 1,500,000 1,200,000 Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units[3,20-21] 400,000 British Commonwealth[19][18] [29] All branches of service 11,115,000 580,000 475,000 318,000 5.2% United States[78] Army 11,260,000 318,274 565,861 2.8% United States Army Air Forces(included in Army[69]) (3,400,000) (88,119) (17,360) 2.5% Navy 4,183,446 62,614 37,778 1.5% Marine Corps 669,100 24,511 68,207 3.66% United States Coast Guard [16,584] 241,093 1,917 0.78% United States Merchant Marine [79] 243,000 9,521 12,000 3.9% Unidentified by branch of service [63]. 130,201

Notes

Germany

1. The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown ^[6,335]; 459,475 POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; POW dead includes 266,000 in the post war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity;^{[6,239 & 286]}
2. The number of wounded includes 1,600,000 permanently disabled which was listed in Geschichte Des Zweiten Weltkrieges A.G. Plötz 1960. P. 81

USSR

1. The official recorded military war dead from 1941-45 were 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non combat deaths.^[7,85]., 500,000 missing in action and 1,283,300 POWs.^[7,236]. Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.^[7,86] Non combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial^[3,21]
2. Casualties in 1939-40 include the following dead and missing, Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931); Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139); Winter War with Finland (1939-40) (126,875).^[7,51-80]
3. The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.^[7,91]
4. The number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 1,836,000, plus and additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated^[7,236]
5. Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength.^[3,13-14]
6. Estimated total military war dead including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million ^[3,20-21]

British Commonwealth

1. Number served: UK & Crown Colonies (5,896,000); India (2,582,000), Australia (993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000). ^[1,253-254]
2. Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: UK & Crown Colonies (383,038); India (86,838), Australia (40,376); Canada (45,363); New Zealand (11,929); South Africa (11,902);^[22].
3. Wounded: UK & Crown Colonies (284,049); India (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363)^[19][18][20]
4. Prisoner of war: UK & Crown Colonies (180,488); India (79,481); Australia (26,358); South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415)^[19][18][20]
5. The \'Debt of Honour Register\' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [64]

U.S.

1. Battle deaths were 292,131, Army 234,874, Navy 36,950, Marine Corps 19,733, Coast Guard 574, and United States Army Air Forces (included in Army) 52,173^[69][16,584]
2. The United States Merchant Marine war dead of 9,521 are included with military losses .^[79].
3. During World War Two 1.2 million African Americans served in the Armed Forces and 708 were killed in combat. 350,000 American women served in the military during World War Two and 16 were killed in action.^[16,584-585]

Footnotes

1. ^ Albania
   War dead listed here are from Albania : a country study Federal Research Division, Library of Congress ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw. 2nd ed. 1994 ISBN 0-8444-0792-5. Available online at Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress, go to \'Country Studies-Albania\' -Chapter 5: Sec-World War Two.
   Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 200.^[14,244]
2. ^ Austria
   Military war dead of 260,749 are included with Germany.^[6,335] Civilian war dead included 24,000 killed by military operations, including Allied Strategic Bombing.^[2,37-42]and 10,000 victims of Nazi political persecution from 1939 to 1945,^{[17,Table A]}the genocide of Roma people of 6,500 persons ^[13,183]and Jewish Holocaust victims totaling 65,000.^[14,244]
3. ^ Australia
   The war dead listed here are those reported by the Australian War Memorial website article, Australian Military Statistics: WWII- Australian civilian deaths were due primarily to Air raids on Australia, 1942–43 and Axis naval activity in Australian waters
   The Commonwealth War Graves Commission^[29].reports total deaths were 40,463, which included Army (26,516), Air Force (11,105), Navy (2,315), Merchant Navy (440), unidentified by branch of service (1), and civilian deaths (86). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,731)^[22] The \'Debt of Honour Register\' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [65]
   The preliminary 1945 data for Australian losses was killed 23,365, missing 6,030, wounded 39,803 and POW 26,363.^[20]
4. ^ Belgium
   Military war dead included 8,800 killed, 500 missing in action, 200 executed, 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs. Civilian losses included deaths due to military operations of 32,200 and 16,900 non-Jewish victims of Nazi reprisals and repression.^[2,43-45] Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures.^[6,230] The genocide of Roma people was 500 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 24,387.^[14,244]
5. ^ Brazil
   The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510^[1,255], Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492. Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers.^[16,540]
6. ^ Bulgaria
   Bulgarian military war dead were as follows, 2,000 military with Axis in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 military dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.^[3,38-39] Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Vadim Erlikman notes " According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. ^[33,158]The communists claim that 20-35,000 persons died. In reality deaths were 10,000, including and unknown number of civilians." ^[3,38-39] 3,000 civilians were killed by Anglo-American air raids^[16,512]; including 1,374 in Bombing of Sofia in World War II.^[32,196]
7. ^ Burma
   Military dead of 22,000 were with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army ^[3,74-75] Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totaled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma.^[16,556].
8. ^ Canada
   The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission^[29]. Total deaths were 45,365 which included Army (24,530), Air Force (17,394), Navy (2,169), Merchant Navy (1,270), unidentified by branch of service(1), and civilian deaths(2). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,298)^[22] However, the Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths [66]. CANADIAN VIRTUAL WAR MEMORIAL contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of more than 116,000 Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country. [67]Newfoundland\'s losses are not included in these figures and are listed separately since it was not part of Canada during World War II. The preliminary 1945 data for Canadian losses was killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045.^[20]
9. ^ China
   The official Chinese Communist statistics of China\'s civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: Nationalist 3.2 million; Communist 580,000 and collaborator forces 1.18 million. Collaborator forces 950,000 captured.^[34,4-9]
   A study based on Chinese Nationalist sources estimates total war deaths from all causes at 15-20 million. Military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded. Civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks ^[81]
   John W. Dower has noted “ So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain “millions” of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union” ^[9,295-296].
   R. J. Rummel\'s estimate of total war dead from 1937-45 is 19,605,000. The details are as follows:
   Military dead: 3,400,000 Nationalist/Communist(including 400,000 POW ) and 432,000collaborator forces ^{[5,Table 5A]}.
   Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes(not including an additional 400,000 POWs);
   Other deaths: Repression by Chinese Nationalist\'s 5,907,000 (including 3,081,000 military conscripts and 2,250,00 famine deaths caused by Nationalist government); repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000.^{[5,Table 5A]}.
   
10. ^ Cuba
    Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners^[16,540] The Cuban sub chaser CS-13 sank U-176 on May 15,1943.[68][69]
11. ^ Czechoslovakia
    Military war dead of 25,000 included Killed during 1938 occupation(171); Czechoslovak Forces with the western allies (3,220); Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front (4,570); Slovak Republic (WWII) Axis forces (7,000); Partisan (military) losses of (2,170) and killed in 1945 uprising(8,000).^[3,54]--^[35,270]Totals do not include an additional estimated 30,000 dead in Hungarian Army.^[8,58-59] Civilian losses in include killed during 1938 occupation(262); non Jewish victims of Nazi reprisals (26,500) and killed in military operations (10,000)).^[3,54]--^[35,270] Civilian losses include the territories of prewar Czechoslovakia, including Carpathian Ruthenia which was ceded to the USSR after the war. The genocide of Roma people was 7,500 persons.^[13,183-184]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 277,000.^[14,244]
12. ^ Denmark
    During the Occupation of Denmark military war dead included 1,281Merchant Marine, 797 resistance fighters and 49 Army personnel. Civilian deaths included 628 victims of Nazi reprisals and 440 killed during military operations. The 3,900 Danish deaths in German military service are included with German losses. Figures are from Danish Military Historie website[70]
    It has been argued that the disproportionately low figure for Danish dead is due mainly to the non violent policy of the Danish resistance movement during the occupation (see video: "A Force More Powerful", OCLC 45399754).
    Deaths of Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 77.^[14,244]
13. ^ Estonia
    Includes civilian losses due to war(35,000) and Soviet occupation(6,000) in 1940-41. Does not include military dead with Soviet(13,000) and German Armed Forces(22,000). Total deaths from 1940-53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 81,000(8% of the population).^[3,35] The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 1,000.^[14,244]
14. ^ Ethiopia
    Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000.^[16,491]. Military losses were 5,000^[74].
    These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935-41. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and occupation from 1935-41. ^[75]. However, R. J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans killed by the Italians from the 1920\'s-41, his estimate is " based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program "Timewatch" 1/17/92.^[4,Chap.14]
15. ^ Finland
    Figures include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union as well as action against German forces in 1944-45, Winter War (1939-40) losses were 22,830, military deaths from 1941-44 were 58,715^[28] and 1,036^[28] in 1944-45 in the Lapland War The Finnish Defense Forces website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish military war dead [71], which includes 2,400 soldiers who died after the war due to their wounds. During the Winter war of 1939-40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns and lost 28 men in combat. 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the German SS-Volunteer Battalion Nordost and 256 were killed in action.[72] On November 6, 1942, eight foreign Jewish refugees (out of more than 500 Jewish refugees) were handed over to the Germans. Although the exact reason for their handover is not known, Finland did not enforce anti-Semitic racial policies, leaving this case as isolated among more than 500 Jewish refugees who were granted asylum.^[45] [73]
16. ^ France
    Military war dead include 150,000 regular forces(1939-40 Battle of France 92,000; 1940-45 on Western Front (World War II) 58,000); 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany. French deaths in German Army (30-40,000), mostly men conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine, are not included in these totals. Civilian losses include 120,000 killed due to military action and 230,000 victims of the Nazi reprisals and genocide(including 83,000 Jews).^[2,60-65] The pro-German Vichy France forces lost 2,653 killed.^[16,582] Vadim Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000.^[3,83-99] The genocide of Roma people was 15,000 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 83,000.^[14,244]
17. ^ French Indochina
    Deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation^[9,297]
18. ^ Germany
    The 1939 Population is for Germany within 1937 borders and the Free City of Danzig. Not included in the German population are Austria and the 6,912,000 ^[23,] ethnic Germans of eastern Europe[74]. However, the 534,000 military deaths of ethnic Germans in eastern Europe and 261,000 from Austria are included with total German losses^[6].
19. ^ Dr. Rűdiger Overmans of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office has provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical analysis of German military personnel records.^[6]. Overmans concluded that these losses were 5,318,0000.^[6]. , not including the deaths of 215,000 Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany ^[7,278]. German losses were previously estimated at 4.5 million^[31,111-129], Overmans includes 344,000 deaths that were previously listed as civilian losses in eastern Europe and 230,000 as paramilitary, Volkssturm and police forces fighting with the regular forces. Overmans lists the following losses- Africa 16,066; the Balkans 103,693; Northern Europe 30,165; Western Europe until 12/31/44- 339,957; Italy 150,660; against the U.S.S.R. until 12/31/44- 2,742,909; final battles in Germany during 1945-1,230,045; other ( including air war in Germany & at sea ) 245,561; POWs 459,475- Grand Total 5.318 million. Overmans lists losses of 4,456,000 from pre-war Germany, 261,000 from Austria, 534,000 ethnic Germans from eastern Europe, 30,0000 French and 37,000 volunteers from western Europe. Included in the total of 5.3 Million war dead are 2.0 Million men listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war.^[6,333-336]
    For a critical analysis of the statistical methodology of Overmans see [75] In addition to these losses the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht reported the losses of Soviet citizens serving in the German military ^[24]separately, these losses were not included in the Overmans analysis of German casualties.^[6,228-230]. A Russian source, G. I. Krivosheev reported these losses as 215,000^[7,278]. In this schedule they are included with German military war dead.
20. ^  Civilian war dead include 360-370,000 killed by Allied Strategic bombing within the 1937 German boundaries^[25,460]. 762,000 victims of Nazi persecution and genocide from 1933 to 1945 including 300,000 political prisoners, victims of the Action T4 euthanasia program, Gay men and 160,000 German Jews .^{[17,Table A]}
    German civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans after World War II were estimated in 1958 to be 2.3 million ^[83,26] However Rűdiger Overmans points out that only about 500,000 are confirmed deaths, the balance being estimated deaths. ^[6,298-299].A study published by the German government in 1989 estimated the death toll at about 635,000. (270,000) as the result of Red Army atrocities,(160,000) during the expulsion of Germans after World War II and (205,000) in the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ^[82,19]
    The genocide of Roma people was 15,000 persons.^[13,183] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 160,000.^[14,244]
    
21. ^ In 1949 the West German government estimate of war losses, of the population in the borders of 1937 Germany only, was 3,250,000 military dead and missing plus 500,000 civilian dead and 1,533,000 missing civilians^{[30,1949-8/226]}. In 1956 these figures were revised; 3,760,000 military dead and missing, 410,000 civilians killed in bombings and 1,260,000 civilians killed in the expulsions from Poland.^{[30,1956-10/494]}. These figures were for Germany in 1937 borders only and did not include additional losses from Austria (280,000 military and 24,000 civilians); the ethnic Germans in eastern Europe (432,000 military and 886,000 civilians killed in expulsions); and 60,000 military deaths of men from France and western Europe. Total 4,530,000 for entire German Armed Forces and 2,556,000 civilians^[31,111-129].
    
22. ^ Greece
    The war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940-41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non Jewish deportees and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II.^[2,89-91]
    Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 71,301.^[14,244]
23. ^ Hungary
    Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of losses from 1941-45 in Hungary. Military losses were 300,000-310,000 including 110-120,000 killed in battle and 200,000 missing in action and POW in the Soviet Union. Hungarian military losses include 110,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia and the deaths of 20-25,000 Jews conscripted for Army labor units. Civilian losses of about 80,000 include 45,500 killed in the 1944-45 military campaign and in air attacks,^[8,58-60] and the genocide of Roma people of 28,000 persons.^[13,188]Jewish Holocaust victims, in 1939 borders, totaled 200,000.^[14,244].
24. ^ Iceland
    Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.^[26]
25. ^ India
    1939 Population includes present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission^[29]. Total deaths were 87,040 which included Army (79,326), Air Force (897), Navy (501), Merchant Navy (6,114), unidentified by branch of service(9), and civilian deaths(193). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (8,522)^[22]The \'Debt of Honour Register\' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [76]The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489.^[20]The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing^[16,556].
    Civilian losses were caused by the Bengal famine of 1943.^{[4, Chap 3][9,297]}
26. ^ Indonesia-Dutch East Indies
    John W. Dower cites a UN report listing 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia including 30,000 European civilian internee deaths^[9,296] .
27. ^ Iran
    Losses during allied occupation in 1941.^[16,498].
28. ^ Iraq
    Losses during Anglo-Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941.^{[3,65][16,498]}.
29. ^ Ireland
    Despite being neutral, Ireland suffered casualties. In 1995 Irish Taoiseach(Prime Minister)John Bruton claimed at least 10,000 Irish were killed serving in the British or Commonwealth armed forces. The civilian death figure includes 33 Irish merchantmen were killed when a U-Boat torpedoed the Irish Pine, and deaths caused by the presumably accidental bombing of Ireland in three instances. Shipping losses [77] Bombings [78] ^[27].
30. ^ Italy
    The official Italian government accounting of World War Two 1940-45 losses listed the following data. ^[68,]. Total military dead and missing from 1940-45 were 291,376, losses prior to the September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy totaled 204,346 ( 66,686 killed, 111,579 missing, 26,081 died of disease), after the September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy, 87,030 (42,916 killed, 19,840 missing, 24,274 died of disease). Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia 10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078. Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice); Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania & Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); other & unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). POW losses are included with military losses mentioned above. Civilian losses were 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice) including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks^[68]. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online at -[79](go to Vol 13, No. 15).
    There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were estimated by the Italian military at 10,000 in East African Campaign of 1940-41.^[73].
    Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews^{[17, Table A]}. Losses included Italian war prisoners in Soviet Union 1942-1954 of 28,000 ^[3,47] Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy, included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces.^[77] The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,562. (including Libya)^[14,244]
31. ^ Japan
    1939 Japanese population includes 1.7 million Japanese in China and Korea.^[15,15]
    The Japanese government lists the military deaths of 1,740,955 in combat theatres. The details are as follows: 185,647 in China from 1937-41 and 1,555,308 from 1941-45 in the Pacific War. Army - Against US- 485,717; Against UK/Netherlands-208,026; In China-202,958; Against Australia -199,511; French Indochina -2,803; Against USSR -7,483; Other overseas -23,388; Japan proper -10,543. Navy 1941/45 -414,879. ^[9,297-299]. There were an additional 347,000 dead and missing in the USSR, China and Korea unaccounted for after the war. ^[44] A Russian source estimates 60,000 Japanese POW deaths in the U.S.S.R. after the war.^[3,81] Totals include Koreans(14,527) ^[84,57] and Chinese from Taiwan(30,304)[80] conscripted by Japan.
    Civilian losses include 393,000 dead due to U. S. Strategic bombing including 210,000 killed in the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In addition to these deaths 150,000 civilians were killed on Okinawa and 10,000 on Saipan during the fighting.^[9,297-299] War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000.^[16,578]
    However, the Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 2,325,128 military deaths from 1937-1945 including civilians who participated in combat, Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces. Total civilian deaths in 1945 on the Japanese home islands exceeded the prewar level by approximately 900,000.^[15,29-30] Not included in Japanese war dead are 432,000 Chinese military forces collaborating with Japan. ^{[5,Table 5A]}